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Micronutrients play crucial roles in human nutrition, including the prevention and treatment of various diseases and conditions, as well as the optimization of physical and mental functioning. Understanding micronutrients is critical for anyone seeking to maintain or improve his or her health.
What Are Micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals are the two types of micronutrients. While only needed in small amounts, they play important roles in human development and well-being, including the regulation of metabolism, heartbeat, cellular pH, and bone density. Lack of micronutrients can lead to stunted growth in children and increased risk for various diseases in adulthood. Without proper consumption of micronutrients, humans can suffer from diseases such as rickets (lack of vitamin D), scurvy (lack of vitamin C), and osteoporosis (lack of calcium).
Types of Micronutrients
Vitamins are available in two forms: water-soluble and fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins are easily lost through bodily fluids and must be replaced each day. Water-soluble vitamins include the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamins B6 and B12 are two of the most well-known B-complex vitamins. Since they are not lost as easily as their water-soluble counterparts, fat-soluble vitamins tend to accumulate within the body and are not needed on a daily basis. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.
Minerals are also available in two forms: macrominerals and microminerals.
Macrominerals are needed in larger amounts and include the following:
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium
Microminerals are only needed in trace amounts and include the following:
Iron
Copper
Iodine
Zinc
Fluoride
Micronutrients in Food
All foods contain micronutrients. Here’s a list of important micronutrients and common foods where they can be found:
Calcium – milk, yogurt, spinach, and sardines
Vitamin B12 – beef, fish, cheese, and eggs
Zinc – beef, cashews, garbanzo beans, and turkey
Potassium – bananas, spinach, potatoes, and apricots
Vitamin C – oranges, peppers, broccoli, and bananas
Foods containing many micronutrients are considered nutrient dense. This ratio compares the amount of calories the food provides to the amount of nutrients it contains. Low calorie foods with many micronutrients, such as fruits and vegetables, have higher nutrient densities.
Research regarding micronutrients in the form of supplements, or a source that is not food, such as a multivitamin, is inconclusive. While multivitamins are commonly recommended by health professionals and consumed by the general public, their effectiveness is unproven. Consumers should proceed with caution when consuming micronutrients in supplements, as the price, quality, and safety of these products varies considerably.
 
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